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Table 1 Basal characteristics of the participants according to the study group

From: Preeclampsia as an independent predictor of atherosclerosis progression in women with type 1 diabetes: a 5-year prospective study

 

T1D-/PE− (n = 24)

T1D + /PE− (n = 28)

T1D−/PE + (n = 26)

T1D + /PE + (n = 26)

p-value among groups

Clinical characteristics

Age (years)

44.5 ± 7.6

45.1 ± 7.9

45.5 ± 7.4

45.7 ± 7.7

0.950

Premature CVD in first-degree relatives* (%)

1 (4.2)

2 (7.1)

7 (26.9)a

4 (15.4)

0.076

Current smokers (%)

3 (12.5)

7 (25.0)

5 (19.2)

6 (23.1)

0.698

Hypertension (%)

0 (0)

4 (14.3)a

3 (11.5)

9 (34.6)a

0.007

SBP (mmHg)

116 ± 14

120 ± 16a,b

121 ± 13

128 ± 15a,b

0.051

DBP (mmHg)

75 ± 8

77 ± 9

80 ± 11

77 ± 10

0.318

BMI (kg/m2)

25.8 ± 4.9

25.0 ± 4.5

26.7 ± 6.4

25.2 ± 4.0

0.584

Waist circumference (cm)

85.6 ± 12.5

86.1 ± 12.5

88.5 ± 12.0

85.1 ± 11.0

0.758

No. of pregnancies

2 (1–3)

2 (1–2)

2 (1–2)

2 (1–3)

0.571

Menopause

6 (25.0)

5 (17.9)

6 (23.1)

6 (23.1)

0.932

Diabetes-related clinical characteristics

Diabetes duration (years)

–

27.0 ± 8.8

–

28.1 ± 5.8

0.852

Microvascular complications

Diabetic nephropathy (%)

Diabetic retinopathy (%)

–

–

1 (3.6)

9 (32.1)

–

–

4 (15.4)

11 (42.3)

0.153

0.312

ST1RE (%)

–

13.4 ± 6.0

–

11.3 ± 6.9

0.291

Laboratory characteristics

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)

84 (80–89)

129 (90–172) a,b

91 (84–95)

149 (110–206) a,b

 < 0.001

HbA1c (%)

5.1 (4.9–5.3)

7.6 (7.0–8.4) a,b

5.3 (5.1–5.4)

7.7 (7.2–8.6) a,b

 < 0.001

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

0.67 ± 0.11

0.69 ± 0.11

0.69 ± 0.08

0.81 ± 0.29 a,b,c

0.010

eGFR(CKD-EPI; ml/min/1.73m2)

107 ± 10

106 ± 8

105 ± 7

100 ± 10a

0.023

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g)

4.5 (3.0–7.9)

6.5 (4.0–11.4)

3.8 (2.3–6.3)

7.0 (2.0–16.0)

0.448

Leucocyte count (109/L)

6.5 (5.0–7.3)

7.1 (4.9–8.9)

6.0 (4.9–7.6)

6.4 (5.0–7.1)

0.372

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

105 ± 31

101 ± 23

115 ± 28

106 ± 25

0.817

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

61 ± 14

68 ± 16

60 ± 21

70 ± 18

0.084

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

105 ± 31

101 ± 23

115 ± 28

106 ± 25

0.300

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

65 (51–79)

63 (50–78)

71 (58–98)

71 (53–85)

0.571

Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

122 ± 33

117 ± 32

129 ± 33

121 ± 27

0.550

Pharmacological treatment

Statins (%)

0 (0)

10 (35.7)a,b

4 (15.4)

11 (42.3)a,b

0.001

ACEi/ARB (%)

0 (0)

4 (14.3)a

3 (11.5)

9 (34.6)a

0.007

Antiplatelet drugs (%)

0 (0)

2 (7.1)

1 (3.8)

1 (3.8)

0.619

Statin score

0.0 ± 0.0

87.0 ± 213.8

34.8 ± 107.7

89.4 ± 200.8

0.138

Carotid ultrasound

Plaque presence

2 (8.3)

6 (21.4)

7 (26.9)

8 (30.8)

0.247

 ≥ 2 plaques

0 (0)

4 (14.3)

2 (7.7)

3 (11.5)

0.296

 ≥ 3 plaques

0 (0)

1 (3.6)

1 (3.8)

0 (0)

0.595

  1. Data are shown as n (percentage), mean ± standard deviation or median (Q1-Q3)
  2. aP < 0.05 vs T1D−/PE−
  3. bP < 0.05 vs T1D−/PE + 
  4. cP < 0.05 vs T1D + /PE−
  5. *Defined as < 65 years
  6. ACEi Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin receptor blocker, BMI Body Mass Index, CVD Cardiovascular disease, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL High-density lipoprotein, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, SBP Systolic blood pressure, ST1RE Steno T1 Risk Engine, T1D Type 1 diabetes
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840