Sex differences in myocardial flow reserve among individuals with type 2 diabetes: insights from the DiaHeart study

Skriver-Møller, Anne-Cathrine; Hasbak, Philip; Rasmussen, Ida K. B.; Blond, Martin B.; Wasehuus, Victor S.; Lassen, Mats C. H.; Lindhardt, Morten; Kofoed-Enevoldsen, Allan; Kielgast, Urd L.; Zobel, Emilie H.; Goetze, Jens P.; Holmvang, Lene; Biering-Sørensen, Tor; Rossing, Peter; Kjaer, Andreas; Ripa, Rasmus S.; Hansen, Tine W.

doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02717-5

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Table 4 Associations between myocardial blood flow at rest and stress and cardiovascular risk factors

From: Sex differences in myocardial flow reserve among individuals with type 2 diabetes: insights from the DiaHeart study

Group	Variable	No interaction						With interaction for sex
		Model 1			Model 2			Model 1			Model 2
		Beta	95% CI	P-value	Beta	95% CI	P-value	Beta	95% CI	P-value	Beta	95% CI	P-value
MBF rest	Woman (man as reference)	0.29	0.25, 0.34	< 0.001	0.30	0.25, 0.34	< 0.001	0.39	0.06, 0.71	0.020	0.34	0.01, 0.67	0.041
	Age (decades)	0.04	0.02, 0.07	< 0.001	0.04	0.01, 0.07	0.006	0.05	0.02, 0.07	< 0.001	0.04	0.01, 0.07	0.012
	Age*Woman							− 0.01	− 0.06, 0.04	0.60	− 0.01	− 0.06, 0.04	0.80
	Diabetes duration (decades)	0.02	0.00, 0.05	0.10	0.01	− 0.01, 0.04	0.30
	BMI (pr. 1 kg/m²)	0.00	0.00, 0.01	0.20	0.00	0.00, 0.01	0.20
	24-hour SBP (pr. 10 mmHg)	− 0.01	− 0.02, 0.01	0.40	− 0.01	− 0.03, 0.00	0.10
	LDL-cholesterol (pr. 1 mmol/mol)	0.00	− 0.03, 0.02	0.90	0.00	− 0.03, 0.03	> 0.9
	HbA1c (mmol/mol)	0.00	− 0.01, 0.01	0.60	0.00	− 0.01, 0.01	0.80
	Smoking (non-smoking as reference)
	Former	0.01	− 0.04, 0.05	0.70	0.01	− 0.04, 0.05	0.80
	Current	0.02	− 0.05, 0.08	0.60	0.01	− 0.05, 0.08	0.70
	eGFR (pr. 10 ml/min/1.73m²)	− 0.01	− 0.02, 0.00	0.20	0.00	− 0.01, 0.01	0.90
	UACR (pr. dobling mg/g)	0.02	0.01, 0.04	0.007	0.02	0.00, 0.04	0.014
	Hs-CRP (pr.dobling (mg/l))	0.00	− 0.02, 0.02	0.67	− 0.04	− 0.09, 0.00	0.08
MBF stress	Woman (man as reference)	0.53	0.44, 0.63	< 0.001	0.52	0.42, 0.61	< 0.001	0.20	− 0.49, 0.90	0.60	0.20	− 0.50, 0.90	0.60
	Age (decades)	− 0.13	− 0.18, − 0.08	< 0.001	− 0.09	− 0.15, − 0.03	0.003	− 0.15	− 0.21, − 0.09	< 0.001	− 0.10	− 0.17, − 0.04	0.003
	Age*Woman							0.05	− 0.06, 0.16	0.40	0.05	− 0.06, 0.16	0.40
	Diabetes duration (decades)	− 0.05	− 0.10, 0.00	0.074	− 0.03	− 0.08, 0.03	0.40
	BMI (pr. 1 kg/m²)	− 0.01	− 0.01, 0.00	0.13	0.00	− 0.01, 0.01	0.50
	24-hour SBP (pr. 10 mmHg)	− 0.05	− 0.08, − 0.02	0.003	− 0.04	− 0.08, − 0.03	0.023
	LDL-cholesterol (pr. 1 mmol/mol)	− 0.02	− 0.08, 0.03	0.40	− 0.02	− 0.08, 0.04	0.50
	HbA1c (mmol/mol)	− 0.01	− 0.03, 0.01	0.20	− 0.01	− 0.02, 0.01	0.50
	Smoking (non-smoking as reference)
	Former	− 0.03	− 0.12, 0.06	0.60	− 0.03	− 0.12, 0.06	0.50
	Current	− 0.10	− 0.24, 0.04	0.20	− 0.09	− 0.23, 0.05	0.20
	eGFR (pr. 10 ml/min/1.73m²)	0.04	0.02, 0.06	< 0.001	0.03	0.00, 0.05	0.021
	UACR (pr. dobling mg/g)	− 0.08	− 0.11, − 0.05	< 0.001	− 0.03	− 0.07, 0.00	0.059
	Hs-CRP (pr.dobling (mg/l))	− 0.07	− 0.11, − 0.02	0.002	− 0.04	− 0.09, 0.00	0.08

Beta (95% confidence intervals) and P-values for selected risk factors. Model 1: Adjustment for sex and age. Model 2: Model 1 + diabetes duration, BMI, 24-hour SBP, LDL-cholesterol, HbA1c, smoking, eGFR and current UACR
The * indicates the interaction between the relevant risk factor and sex. Significant differences are indicated in bold. BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: Urine albumin creatinine ratio

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ISSN: 1475-2840

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