Table 1 Clinical characteristics of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and without diabetes (Control) by the presence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis
| Â | Control | T1D | T2D | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No plaque | Plaque | P-value | No plaque | Plaque | P-value | No plaque | Plaque | P-value | |
N = 110 | N = 97 | N = 78 | N = 73 | N = 78 | N = 77 | ||||
Sex (Men) | 56 (50.9%) | 58 (59.8%) | 0.253 | 38 (48.7%) | 42 (57.5%) | 0.357 | 40 (51.3%) | 46 (59.7%) | 0.369 |
Age (Years) | 52.4 (11.9) | 57.4 (11.8) | 0.003 | 44.8 (6.78) | 52.8 (9.56) |  < 0.001 | 56.5 (9.05) | 62.1 (8.52) |  < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 (3.88) | 27.0 (4.05) | 0.203 | 25.7 (4.09) | 26.6 (3.88) | 0.2 | 31.5 (5.58) | 31.1 (5.37) | 0.645 |
Waist (cm) | 95.1 (11.9) | 97.5 (11.4) | 0.145 | 89.0 (11.7) | 91.9 (12.4) | 0.146 | 105 (12.3) | 105 (13.4) | 0.901 |
Former/Current Smoker | 47 (42.7%) | 52 (53.6%) | 0.154 | 32 (41.0%) | 49 (67.1%) | 0.002 | 29 (37.2%) | 38 (49.4%) | 0.172 |
sBP (mmHg) | 122 (14.9) | 128 (14.8) | 0.004 | 127 (17.3) | 134 (17.2) | 0.011 | 134 (18.7) | 140 (17.0) | 0.03 |
dBP (mmHg) | 77.1 (9.46) | 78.9 (9.32) | 0.184 | 74.5 (10.1) | 73.3 (10.7) | 0.49 | 79.9 (11.3) | 79.1 (9.95) | 0.664 |
Hypertension (Yes) | 14 (12.7%) | 35 (36.1%) |  < 0.001 | 10 (12.8%) | 42 (57.5%) |  < 0.001 | 37 (47.4%) | 52 (67.5%) | 0.018 |
Dyslipidaemia (Yes) | 30 (27.3%) | 35 (36.1%) | 0.225 | 30 (38.5%) | 53 (72.6%) |  < 0.001 | 38 (48.7%) | 42 (54.5%) | 0.572 |
Antiplatelet (Yes) | – | – | – | 17 (21.8%) | 35 (47.9%) | 0.001 | 19 (24.4%) | 24 (31.2%) | 0.443 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.45 (0.33) | 5.49 (0.40) | 0.382 | 7.53 (0.80) | 7.65 (1.00) | 0.413 | 7.78 (1.57) | 7.65 (1.79) | 0.625 |
HbA1c IFCC | 36.1 (3.76) | 36.6 (4.47) | 0.428 | 58.8 (8.71) | 60.2 (10.9) | 0.406 | 61.5 (17.1) | 60.1 (19.6) | 0.627 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 113 (53.0) | 109 (50.1) | 0.575 | 68.5 (28.3) | 86.4 (54.8) | 0.014 | 136 (80.1) | 149 (84.6) | 0.303 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 205 (35.4) | 210 (32.3) | 0.298 | 184 (26.4) | 178 (31.8) | 0.233 | 185 (38.7) | 187 (44.2) | 0.777 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 57.7 (13.0) | 57.9 (14.5) | 0.907 | 66.2 (17.1) | 61.5 (15.4) | 0.075 | 49.1 (13.1) | 49.2 (13.1) | 0.979 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 125 (30.1) | 131 (29.6) | 0.185 | 104 (20.8) | 101 (27.8) | 0.461 | 110 (33.3) | 109 (36.4) | 0.86 |
DM duration (years) | – | – | – | 22.8 (9.77) | 24.5 (11.7) | 0.331 | 6.10 (7.05) | 6.68 (8.14) | 0.637 |
Retinopathy (Yes) | – | – | – | 32 (41.6%) | 41 (56.9%) | 0.087 | 20 (29.4%) | 28 (39.4%) | 0.287 |
ALT | 22.2 (14.8) | 21.5 (19.3) | 0.792 | 18.8 (8.86) | 22.8 (10.5) | 0.012 | 32.6 (23.8) | 28.9 (14.1) | 0.247 |