Table 1 Patient characteristics across diabetes and CKD categories
|  | No Diabetes & No CKD (N = 87) | Diabetes & No CKD (N = 37) | No Diabetes & CKD (N = 96) | Diabetes & CKD (N = 79) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 65.8 ± 10.8 | 63.6 ± 11.8 | 68.5 ± 15.4 | 67.3 ± 12.5 | 0.16 |
Men, N (%) | 64 (73.6%) | 29 (78.4%) | 63 (65.6%) | 61 (77.2%) | 0.28 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 4.0 | 25.5 ± 6.1 | 24.2 ± 5.6 | 25.9 ± 5.9 | 0.059 |
NYHA ≥ III, N (%) | 49 (56.3%) | 16 (43.2%) | 64 (66.7%) | 51 (64.6%) | 0.063 |
Medical history, N (%) | |||||
 Hypertension | 57 (65.5%) | 25 (67.6%) | 75 (78.1%) | 71 (89.9%) | 0.002 |
 Myocardial infarction | 10 (11.5%) | 10 (27.0%) | 10 (10.4%) | 27 (34.2%) | < 0.001 |
 Atrial fibrillation | 38 (43.7%) | 11 (29.7%) | 36 (37.5%) | 20 (25.3%) | 0.077 |
 Stroke | 10 (11.5%) | 6 (16.2%) | 5 (5.2%) | 18 (22.8%) | 0.006 |
 Prior history of HF | 5 (5.7%) | 3 (8.1%) | 7 (7.3%) | 17 (21.5%) | 0.004 |
Medications, N (%) | |||||
 ACEi or ARB | 65 (74.7%) | 31 (83.8%) | 69 (71.9%) | 67 (84.8%) | 0.14 |
 Beta-blocker | 62 (71.3%) | 25 (67.6%) | 56 (58.3%) | 48 (60.8%) | 0.27 |
 Diuretic | 79 (90.8%) | 30 (81.1%) | 87 (90.6%) | 75 (94.9%) | 0.13 |
 Thiazide/thiazide-like | 6 (6.9%) | 5 (13.5%) | 8 (8.3%) | 15 (19.0%) | 0.062 |
 Anti-diabetic drug | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (51.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 37 (46.8%) | < 0.001 |
 Insulin | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (8.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (12.7%) | < 0.001 |
 Statin | 32 (36.8%) | 19 (51.4%) | 31 (32.3%) | 50 (63.3%) | < 0.001 |
 Aspirin | 32 (36.8%) | 21 (56.8%) | 28 (29.2%) | 40 (50.6%) | 0.005 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 114.0 ± 19.5 | 116.2 ± 21.3 | 122.3 ± 18.2 | 125.8 ± 21.7 | < 0.001 |
Heart rate, bpm | 82.3 ± 20.2 | 85.2 ± 13.5 | 88.5 ± 21.4 | 86.3 ± 16.4 | 0.087 |
Laboratory data | |||||
 Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.7 ± 1.9 | 13.4 ± 2.0 | 13.7 ± 2.0 | 13.3 ± 2.0 | 0.40 |
 Sodium, mmol/L | 140.3 ± 2.8 | 139.3 ± 2.6 | 140.6 ± 2.6 | 140.0 ± 2.7 | 0.077 |
 Potassium, mmol/L | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 0.58 |
 eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 65.4 ± 13.0 | 75.3 ± 17.4 | 59.3 ± 17.4 | 59.9 ± 21.1 | < 0.001 |
 BNP, pg/mL | 310 (121–539) | 341 (190–585) | 485 (308–711) | 380 (184–702) | 0.006 |
 UACR, mg/g | 11.6 (5.6–17.5) | 13.3 (6.9–19.5) | 66.0 (40.0–131.8) | 98.8 (44.4–316.4) | < 0.001 |
Echocardiogram | |||||
 LVEF, % | 29.4 ± 7.4 | 30.9 ± 8.2 | 29.8 ± 6.8 | 31.3 ± 8.2 | 0.38 |
 LVSD, mm | 49.4 ± 9.2 | 49.1 ± 9.3 | 49.2 ± 8.7 | 48.9 ± 7.8 | 0.98 |
 E/e' ratio | 16.2 ± 6.9 | 20.4 ± 21.5 | 18.2 ± 11.3 | 18.3 ± 9.1 | 0.64 |
 TRPG, mmHg | 31.3 ± 11.8 | 28.8 ± 10.5 | 35.5 ± 12.2 | 33.1 ± 16.0 | 0.06 |
6MWT, m | 448.2 ± 119.1 | 393.2 ± 118.0 | 377.7 ± 130.0 | 383.0 ± 129.9 | 0.001 |
KCCQ OSS | 55.4 (30.5–75.0) | 63.0 (38.0–76.8) | 55.3 (35.3–79.9) | 56.8 (36.5–79.7) | 0.87 |
Eplerenone allocation, N (%) | 39 (44.8%) | 18 (48.6%) | 49 (51.0%) | 42 (53.2%) | 0.73 |