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Fig. 2 | Cardiovascular Diabetology

Fig. 2

From: Assessing the impact of insulin resistance trajectories on cardiovascular disease risk using longitudinal targeted maximum likelihood estimation

Fig. 2

Assumed Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) illustrating sequential relationships among exposure, outcome, and time-varying confounders across multiple time points. Z refers to the baseline covariates; L refers to the time-varying covariates; A refers to the exposure, including TyG-BMI and TyG index; 3 time points were included, including t1 (in 2011), t2 (in 2015), and t3 (in 2018)

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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840