Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
Variables | Non-obese patients | Obese patients | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-sarcopenic (n = 72) | Sarcopenic (n = 85) | P-value | Non-sarcopenic (n = 73) | Sarcopenic (n = 53) | P-value | |
Age, yrs | 58.0 ± 11.2 | 60.4 ± 10.4 | 0.17 | 52.5 ± 12.0 & | 54.3 ± 11.2 * | 0.39 |
Male, n (%) | 45 (62.5) | 51 (60) | 0.32 | 62 (84.9) # | 44 (83.0) †| 0.77 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.4 ± 1.9 | 21.8 ± 2.1 | 0.09 | 28.1 ± 2.8 & | 27.6 ± 2.4 * | 0.29 |
SBP, mmHg | 117.3 ± 19.6 | 121.3 ± 22.9 | 0.25 | 122.1 ± 19.8 | 123.5 ± 19.7 | 0.69 |
DBP, mmHg | 77.1 ± 13.0 | 77.6 ± 14.7 | 0.79 | 80.2 ± 15.1 | 83.4 ± 17.8 | 0.28 |
HR, beats/min | 87.1 ± 18.0 | 87.4 ± 17.9 | 0.92 | 84.5 ± 16.9 | 87.7 ± 16.3 | 0.30 |
NYHA functional class III–IV, n (%) | 60 (83.3) | 73 (85.9) | 0.66 | 61 (83.6) | 48 (90.6) | 0.26 |
Ischemic cause of HF, n (%) | 20 (27.8) | 23 (27.1) | 0.61 | 24 (32.9) | 19 (35.8) | 0.73 |
HF duration, n (%) | ||||||
≤ 1 yr | 40 (55.5) | 44 (51.7) | 0.76 | 43 (58.9) | 27 (50.9) | 0.66 |
> 1 and ≤ 5 yrs | 19 (26.4) | 27 (31.8) | 20 (27.4) | 18 (34.0) | ||
> 5 yrs | 13 (18.1) | 14 (16.5) | 10 (13.7) | 8 (15.1) | ||
DM duration, n (%) | ||||||
≤ 1 yr | 37 (51.4) | 33 (38.8) # | 0.049 | 46 (63.0) | 31 (58.5) †| 0.83 |
> 1 and ≤ 5 yrs | 14 (19.4) | 11 (12.9) | 11 (15.1) | 10 (18.9) | ||
> 5 yrs | 21 (29.2) | 41 (48.2) # | 16 (21.9) | 12 (22.6) †| ||
Major comorbid conditions and laboratory measurements | ||||||
CAD, n (%) | 30 (41.7) | 29 (34.1) | 0.33 | 32 (43.8) | 21 (39.6) | 0.64 |
HT, n (%) | 27 (37.5) | 36 (42.4) | 0.54 | 45 (61.6) # | 32 (60.4) †| 0.89 |
AF, n (%) | 8 (11.0) | 11 (20.8) | 0.13 | 19 (26.4) # | 21 (24.7) | 0.81 |
Hypoproteinemia, n (%) | 24 (33.3) | 43 (50.6) | 0.03 | 9 (12.3) # | 26 (49.1) | < 0.001 |
Albumin, g/L | 40.5 ± 5.2 | 38.7 ± 5.5 | 0.03 | 42.7 ± 3.3& | 40.5 ± 4.6* | 0.004 |
Anemia, n (%) | 20 (27.8) | 33 (38.8) | 0.14 | 6 (8.2) # | 11 (20.8) †| 0.04 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 134.8 ± 21.8 | 129.0 ± 24.9 | 0.13 | 149.5 ± 21.4& | 142.8 ± 24.2* | 0.11 |
NT‑proBNP, pg/mL | 1889 (1071, 3772) | 2456 (1232, 6603) | 0.27 | 1209 (495, 3102)& | 3835 (1645, 9067) | < 0.001 |
FBG, mmol/L | 7.6 (6.1, 9.6) | 7.9 (6.2, 10.6) | 0.54 | 7.3 (6.2, 9.1) | 7.3 (6.3, 9.4) | 0.85 |
HbA1c, % | 6.9 (6.3, 7.9) | 7.4 (6.7, 8.4) | 0.04 | 6.8 (6.3, 8.1) | 7.3 (6.6, 8.1) | 0.33 |
TG, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.9) | 0.61 | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5)& | 1.5 (1.1, 2.5)* | 0.04 |
TC, mmol/L | 4.0 (3.3, 4.6) | 4.0 (3.2, 4.7) | 0.99 | 3.9 (3.2, 4.8) | 3.9 (3.3, 4.9) | 0.44 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 73.4 ± 21.4 | 70.4 ± 22.6 | 0.42 | 79.1 ± 21.9 | 75.1 ± 26.9 | 0.37 |
Cardiovascular medications, n (%) | ||||||
β‑blocker | 58 (80.6) | 58 (68.2) | 0.08 | 59 (80.8) | 44 (83.0) | 0.75 |
ACEI/ARB | 52 (72.2) | 57 (67.0) | 0.48 | 51 (69.9) | 38 (71.7) | 0.82 |
ARNI | 38 (52.8) | 39 (45.9) | 0.39 | 41 (56.2) | 29 (54.7) | 0.87 |
SGLT-2i | 23 (31.9) | 32 (37.6) | 0.46 | 32 (43.8) | 18 (34.0) | 0.26 |
Loop diuretics | 55 (76.4) | 67 (78.8) | 0.72 | 54 (74.0) | 41 (77.4) | 0.66 |
MRA | 57 (79.2) | 63 (74.1) | 0.46 | 51 (69.9) | 42 (79.2) | 0.24 |
Statins | 31 (43.1) | 38 (44.7) | 0.83 | 40 (54.8) | 29 (54.7) | 0.99 |
Digoxin | 12 (16.7) | 20 (23.5) | 0.29 | 10 (13.7) | 11 (20.8) | 0.29 |
Hypoglycemic medications, n (%) | ||||||
Insulin | 16 (22.2) | 39 (45.9) | 0.002 | 12 (16.4) | 23 (43.4) | 0.001 |
Metformin | 21 (29.2) | 30 (35.3) | 0.41 | 25 (34.2) | 15 (28.3) | 0.48 |
α-GI | 20 (27.8) | 21 (24.7) | 0.66 | 18 (24.7) | 15 (28.3) | 0.65 |
Sulfonylureas | 15 (20.8) | 8 (9.4) | 0.04 | 9 (12.3) | 8 (15.1) | 0.65 |