Table 2 Individual clinical factors and the risk of CAC progression

Age (per-1 year increase)

1.09 (1.08 − 1.09)

< 0.001

1.09 (1.08 − 1.10)

< 0.001

1.05 (1.04 − 1.06)

< 0.001

Male sex

2.50 (2.19 − 2.86)

< 0.001

2.57 (2.22 − 2.98)

< 0.001

1.78 (1.28 − 2.48)

0.001

Hypertension

2.60 (2.38 − 2.84)

< 0.001

2.66 (2.41 − 2.94)

< 0.001

1.35 (1.09 − 1.66)

0.005

Hyperlipidemia

1.68 (1.54 − 1.83)

< 0.001

1.72 (1.56 − 1.89)

< 0.001

1.02 (0.83 − 1.25)

0.839

Obesity

1.55 (1.43 − 1.68)

< 0.001

1.54 (1.41 − 1.69)

< 0.001

1.25 (1.02 − 1.53)

0.031

Current smoking

1.06 (0.96 − 1.16)

0.260

1.10 (0.99 − 1.22)

0.079

0.89 (0.63 − 1.08)

0.059

AIP (per-0.1 unit increase)

1.08 (1.07 − 1.10)

< 0.001

1.08 (1.07 − 1.10)

< 0.001

1.03 (1.00 − 1.07)

0.073

TyG index (per-1 unit increase)

1.73 (1.61 − 1.86)

< 0.001

1.63 (1.50 − 1.76)

< 0.001

1.20 (1.02 − 1.41)

0.031

HbA1C (per-1% increase)

1.51 (1.42 − 1.60)

< 0.001

1.42 (1.24 − 1.61)

< 0.001

1.13 (1.03 − 1.23)

0.008

Baseline CACS (per-10 unit increase)

1.03 (1.03 − 1.04)

< 0.001

1.04 (1.03 − 1.04)

< 0.001

1.01 (1.01 − 1.02)

< 0.001