Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in assessment of MASLD-related multiple CVD

Koulaouzidis et al., [76]

/

Systematic review and meta-analysis

10,060 patients

/

CAC

NAFLD/MASLD is associated with a significant odds ratio of CAC progression, with an OR of 1.5 (95% CI: 1.34–1.68, p = 0.001).

Sung et al. [77]

South Korea

Cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort study

162,180 participants and 34,233 participants

Liver ultrasonography

CAC

MASLD-only group had the strongest association with risk of prevalent CAC ((adjusted OR, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.52–1.69]) and (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.03 [95% CI, 1.62–2.55])).

Chen et al. [78]

UK

prospective cohort study

325,129 participants

FLI

MI and stroke

Individuals with MASLD have a significantly higher risk of developing MI or stroke compared to those without MASLD. (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.29–1.41 P < 0.001] and 1.26 [95% CI, 1.18–1.33 P < 0.001])

Peng et al. [79]

China

Cross-sectional study

228 participants

transient elastography with CAP

LVDD and cardiac remodeling

LVDD was significantly more prevalent in the MASLD group compared to the normal group (24.6% vs. 60.8%, p < 0.001). The overweight subgroup and diabetes subgroup were significantly associated with signs of cardiac remodeling,

Wei et al. [80]

China

Retrospective cohort study

98,685 participants

ultrasonography

HF

Participants with MASLD had an increased risk of HF compared with non-MASLD individuals (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.30–1.50)

Lei et al. [81]

China

Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

2,083,984 subjects and 54,832 participants

ultrasound

AF

MASLD group showed a significantly higher prevalence of AF (0.30% versus 0.25%) (adjusted OR 1.12(95% CI, 1.05–1.18, P < 0.001)) in the cross-sectional study and (adjusted HR 1.99 (95% CI,1.39–2.83, P < 0.001)) in the longitudinal study