Table 1 Demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical characteristics of the study population

N

18

19

39

Sex (% male)

66.7

62.1

61.5

NS

Age (years)

10.9 ± 2.4

12.0 ± 1.6

11.7 ± 2.0

NS

Weight (kg)

70.8 ± 21.7

71.3 ± 19.2

72.0 ± 16.3

NS

Weight (Z-score)

5.0 ± 1.5

4.6 ± 1.1

4.7 ± 2.1

NS

Body mass index (kg/m²)

31.0 ± 5.9

28.5 ± 4.9

30.5 ± 5.3

NS

Body mass index (Z-score)

4.5 ± 1.9

3.7 ± 1.3

4.2 ± 2.0

NS

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

115.3 ± 10.9^a

117.3 ± 11.8^a

124.2 ± 10.8^b

5.4 × 10⁻³

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74.5 ± 6.6^a

74.1 ± 6.7^a

77.9 ± 6.4^b

3.7 × 10⁻²

Glucose, t = 0 min (mg/dL)

86.1 ± 9.4

85.3 ± 7.9

84.4 ± 9.2

NS

Glucose, t = 30 min (mg/dL)

148.8 ± 22.1

141.3 ± 28.6

139.9 ± 25.3

NS

Glucose, t = 60 min (mg/dL)

123.9 ± 17.8

134.5 ± 24.4

141.7 ± 33.0

NS

Glucose, t = 90 min (mg/dL)

116.5 ± 11.5^a

108.6 ± 23.7^a

139.0 ± 31.0^b

2.2 × 10⁻⁵

Glucose, t = 120 min (mg/dL)

114.1 ± 13.1^a

113.8 ± 23.9^a

136.4 ± 27.8^b

1.4 × 10⁻³

Insulin, t = 0 min (µU/mL)

20.5 ± 5.3

19.9 ± 5.9

23.3 ± 12.4

NS

Insulin, t = 30 min (µU/mL)

223.4 ± 117.0^a

122.4 ± 51.9^b

130.7 ± 65.5^b

5.3 × 10⁻⁴

Insulin, t = 60 min (µU/mL)

154.8 ± 92.1^a

196.8 ± 68.3^b

152.5 ± 80.7^a

6.0 × 10⁻³

Insulin, t = 90 min (µU/mL)

143.6 ± 102.2^a

117.5 ± 59.4^a

196.1 ± 134.2^b

7.9 × 10⁻³

Insulin, t = 120 min (µU/mL)

143.7 ± 93.0

136.5 ± 87.0

191.6 ± 103.1

NS

HOMA-IR score

4.3 ± 1.4^a

4.2 ± 1.3^a

4.9 ± 3.0 ^b

4.9 × 10⁻²

KIDMED score

7.5 ± 1.4

6.2 ± 2.5

6.0 ± 2.2

NS